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S. Radhakrishnan
(1885-1975) Indian philosopher who was also President of the Republic of India. He was a staunch defender of Advaita Vedanta, the spiritualist monism originated by Sankaracharya. He was one of the first major expositors of Hindu philosophy in English.

Ramanuja
(1017-1137) A critic of Sankara's advaita Vedanta who held that there are three realities: God, souls and matter.

Martin Rees
Astronomer Royal and Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge University. He has made many contributions to astronomy and cosmology ranging from an analysis of quasar distribution to theories of galaxy formation. He has also written on the Anthropic Principle.

Michael Ruse
Professor of Philosophy and Zoology at the University of Guelph in Canada and one of the leading contemporary philosophical defenders of Darwinism. His works include Taking Darwin Seriously and From Monad to Man.

Bertrand Russell
(1872-1970) British philosopher who wrote for a popular audience. He was a lifelong critic of religion. Most of his major work in philosophy was done between 1900 and 1920. Principia Mathematica (co-authored with Alfred North Whitehead between 1910 and 1913) was a significant study of the foundations of mathematics. His History of Western Philosophy received wide distribution.

Ernest Rutherford
Experimentalist who discovered the radioactive transformation of elements and then did the 1911 scattering experiments that gave the first glimpse into the structure of the atom.