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Galileo Galilei
Galileo (1564-1642) challenged Aristotelianism by both locating mathematics at the center of physics and relying on empirical measurement to test theories. His telescopic observations led him to support the Copernician theory of the cosmos and oppose the Ptolemaic establishment view. This led to his famous conflict with ecclesiastical authorities. In his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, he introduced a theory of the relativity of motion and the idea of inertia.

Peter Thomas Geach
Emeritus professor of Logic at the University of Leeds in the UK whose contributions to logic have been supplemented by noted works in the philosophy of religion.

Kurt Godel
Godel (1906-78) is recognized to be the greatest mathematical logician. Among his many achievements were the Incompleteness Theorems that bear his name: in essence, he showed that the consistency in terms of number theory of a formal system cannot be proven within the system. He resolutely opposed empiricism and held that the axioms underlying mathematics can be known by intuition.

Stephen Jay Gould
The late Professor of Zoology and Curator in Invertebrate Paleontology at Harvard University, he is the author of numerous works on evolutionary biology. His posthumously published The Structure of Evolutionary Theory is a summation of his life work.

Alan Guth
Professor of Physics at M.I.T. and primary originator of the inflationary universe model, a modification of the Big Bang theory.